What is tumor lysis syndrome?

Tumor lysis syndrome is characterized by a potentially fatal condition that occurs as a result of the rapid breakdown of cancer cells, particularly following the initiation of cancer treatment. When large numbers of tumor cells die and break down simultaneously, they release their contents into the bloodstream at an accelerated rate. This release can lead to metabolic disturbances, including hyperuricemia (high levels of uric acid), hyperphosphatemia (high phosphate levels), hyperkalemia (high potassium levels), and hypocalcemia (low calcium levels). These metabolic imbalances can cause serious complications such as acute kidney injury, cardiac arrhythmias, and other life-threatening issues.

The rapid cell lysis, often seen in cancers with high cell turnover, such as acute leukemias and aggressive lymphomas, places a significant burden on the kidney and can lead to renal failure if not managed properly. Thus, prompt recognition and management of tumor lysis syndrome is crucial for preventing serious complications and ensuring patient safety during cancer treatment.